Welche Arbeitsbedingungen begünstigen die Entwicklung einer depressiven Störung?

Zusammenfassung

Ziel der Studie: Untersuchung, welche Arbeitsbedingungen als depressiogene Stressoren fungieren können.

Methodik: Systematische Literaturübersicht und Metaanalyse von seit 2005 erschienenen Längs- und Querschnittstudien.

Ergebnisse: Ein depressiogener Einfluss konnte durch Metaanalyse für hohe Anforderungen, insbesondere in Kombination mit geringer Selbstbestimmung, gezeigt werden. Kontextfaktoren wie Tätigkeitsprofil und kognitiver Verarbeitungsstil haben moderierende Wirkung.

Schlussfolgerung: Auf Grundlage dieser Ergebnisse wird ein Integriertes Arbeitsstress-Modell vorgeschlagen.

Abstract

Background: Epidemiological and neurobiological research suggests an association between stress and the development of depression. In this context, the question arises whether certain working conditions do act as depressogenic stressors.

Method: We systematically reviewed cross-sectional and prospective studies (published since 2005) investigating the association between working conditions and the occurrence of depression. Moreover, meta-analyses on reported effect sizes were calculated.

Results: Our meta-analyses confirmed a depressogenic effect of high job demands and the combination of high demands and low job control („Job Strain“). We did not find an effect of low job control alone. The impact of these working conditions is modulated by contextual factors like occupational grade or cognitive coping strategies.

Conclusion: Based on these results, we suggest an extended model of working conditions, coping capacities, and their relation to the development of depression. This can be utilized for strategies of occupational prevention and individual therapy.

Schlüsselwörter

Depression - Stress - Arbeitsmerkmale - Epidemiologie

Keywords

depression - stress - working conditions - epidemiology

• Literatur

• 1 DAK Forschung. Gesundheitsreport 2014. Die Rushhour des Lebens. Gesundheit im Spannungsfeld von Job, Karriere und Familie. Hamburg: DAK; 2014
• 2 Pariante CM, Lightman SL. The HPA axis in major depression: classical theories and new developments. Trends Neurosci 2008; 31: 464-468
• 3 Stuke H, Hellweg R, Bermpohl F. The development of depression: the role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Nervenarzt 2012; 83: 869-877
• 4 Stansfeld S, Candy B. Psychosocial work environment and mental health – a meta-analytic review. Scand J Work Environ Health 2006; 32: 443-462
• 5 Karasek RA. Job Demands, Job Decision Latitude, and Mental Strain: Implications for Job Redesign. Administrative Science Quarterly 1979; 24: 285-308
• 6 Smith PM, Bielecky A. The impact of changes in job strain and its components on the risk of depression. Am J Public Health 2012; 102: 352-358
• 7 Wang J, Schmitz N. Does job strain interact with psychosocial factors outside of the workplace in relation to the risk of major depression? The Canadian National Population Health Survey. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2011; 46: 577-584
• 8 Cohidon C, Santin G, Imbernon E et al. Working conditions and depressive symptoms in the 2003 decennial health survey: the role of the occupational category. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2010; 45: 1135-1147
• 9 Santin G, Cohidon C, Goldberg M et al. Depressive symptoms and atypical jobs in France, from the 2003 Decennial health survey. Am J Ind Med 2009; 52: 799-810
• 10 Stansfeld SA, Shipley MJ, Head J et al. Repeated job strain and the risk of depression: longitudinal analyses from the Whitehall II study. Am J Public Health 2012; 102: 2360-2366
• 11 Virtanen M, Ferrie JE, Batty GD et al. Socioeconomic and Psychosocial Adversity in Midlife and Depressive Symptoms Post Retirement: A 21-year Follow-up of the Whitehall II Study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2015; 23: 99-109
• 12 Magnusson Hanson LL, Theorell T, Bech P et al. Psychosocial working conditions and depressive symptoms among Swedish employees. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2009; 82: 951-960
• 13 Theorell T, Hammarstrom A, Gustafsson PE et al. Job strain and depressive symptoms in men and women: a prospective study of the working population in Sweden. J Epidemiol Community Health 2014; 68: 78-82
• 14 Bonde JP, Munch-Hansen T, Wieclaw J et al. Psychosocial work environment and antidepressant medication: a prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health 2009; 9: 262
• 15 Jensen HK, Wieclaw J, Munch-Hansen T et al. Does dissatisfaction with psychosocial work climate predict depressive, anxiety and substance abuse disorders? A prospective study of Danish public service employees. J Epidemiol Community Health 2010; 64: 796-801
• 16 Karasek R, Brisson C, Kawakami N et al. The Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ): an instrument for internationally comparative assessments of psychosocial job characteristics. J Occup Health Psychol 1998; 3: 322-355
• 17 Siegrist J. Adverse health effects of high-effort/low-reward conditions. J Occup Health Psychol 1996; 1: 27-41
• 18 Rau R, Morling K, Rösler U. Is there a relationship between major depression and both objectively assessed and perceived demands and control?. Work & Stress 2010; 24: 88-106
• 19 Waldenstrom K, Ahlberg G, Bergman P et al. Externally assessed psychosocial work characteristics and diagnoses of anxiety and depression. Occup Environ Med 2008; 65: 90-96
• 20 Godin I, Kornitzer M, Clumeck N et al. Gender specificity in the prediction of clinically diagnosed depression. Results of a large cohort of Belgian workers. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2009; 44: 592-600
• 21 Inoue A, Kawakami N, Haratani T et al. Job stressors and long-term sick leave due to depressive disorders among Japanese male employees: findings from the Japan Work Stress and Health Cohort study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2010; 64: 229-235
• 22 Mantyniemi A, Oksanen T, Salo P et al. Job strain and the risk of disability pension due to musculoskeletal disorders, depression or coronary heart disease: a prospective cohort study of 69,842 employees. Occup Environ Med 2012; 69: 574-581
• 23 Ahola K, Hakanen J. Job strain, burnout, and depressive symptoms: a prospective study among dentists. J Affect Disord 2007; 104: 103-110
• 24 Yang X, Telama R, Hirvensalo M et al. Moderating effects of leisure-time physical activity on the association between job strain and depressive symptoms: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. J Occup Environ Med 2012; 54: 303-309
• 25 Clays E, De Bacquer D, Leynen F et al. Job stress and depression symptoms in middle-aged workers – prospective results from the Belstress study. Scand J Work Environ Health 2007; 33: 252-259
• 26 Madsen IE, Jorgensen AF, Borritz M et al. Is the association between high strain work and depressive symptoms modified by private life social support: a cohort study of 1,074 Danish employees?. BMC Public Health 2014; 14: 698
• 27 Virtanen M, Honkonen T, Kivimaki M et al. Work stress, mental health and antidepressant medication findings from the Health 2000 Study. J Affect Disord 2007; 98: 189-197
• 28 Ylipaavalniemi J, Kivimaki M, Elovainio M et al. Psychosocial work characteristics and incidence of newly diagnosed depression: a prospective cohort study of three different models. Soc Sci Med 2005; 61: 111-122
• 29 d’Errico A, Cardano M, Landriscina T et al. Workplace stress and prescription of antidepressant medications: a prospective study on a sample of Italian workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2011; 84: 413-424
• 30 Laaksonen M, Lallukka T, Lahelma E et al. Working conditions and psychotropic medication: a prospective cohort study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2012; 47: 663-670
• 31 Plaisier I, de Bruijn JG, de Graaf R et al. The contribution of working conditions and social support to the onset of depressive and anxiety disorders among male and female employees. Soc Sci Med 2007; 64: 401-410
• 32 Rugulies R, Bultmann U, Aust B et al. Psychosocial work environment and incidence of severe depressive symptoms: prospective findings from a 5-year follow-up of the Danish work environment cohort study. Am J Epidemiol 2006; 163: 877-887
• 33 Murcia M, Chastang JF, Niedhammer I. Psychosocial work factors, major depressive and generalised anxiety disorders: results from the French national SIP study. J Affect Disord 2013; 146: 319-327
• 34 Dragano N, He Y, Moebus S et al. Two models of job stress and depressive symptoms. Results from a population-based study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2008; 43: 72-78
• 35 Eriksen W, Tambs K, Knardahl S. Work factors and psychological distress in nurses’ aides: a prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health 2006; 6: 290
• 36 Virtanen M, Stansfeld SA, Fuhrer R et al. Overtime work as a predictor of major depressive episode: a 5-year follow-up of the Whitehall II study. PLoS One 2012; 7: e30719
• 37 Burgard SA, Elliott MR, Zivin K et al. Working conditions and depressive symptoms: a prospective study of US adults. J Occup Environ Med 2013; 55: 1007-1014
• 38 Ertel KA, Koenen KC, Berkman LF. Incorporating home demands into models of job strain: findings from the work, family, and health network. J Occup Environ Med 2008; 50: 1244-1252
• 39 Sanguanklin N, McFarlin BL, Finnegan L et al. Job strain and psychological distress among employed pregnant Thai women: role of social support and coping strategies. Arch Womens Ment Health 2014; 17: 317-326
• 40 Marchand A, Demers A, Durand P. Does work really cause distress? The contribution of occupational structure and work organization to the experience of psychological distress. Soc Sci Med 2005; 61: 1-14
• 41 Landsbergis PA, Schnall PL, Warren K et al. Association between ambulatory blood pressure and alternative formulations of job strain. Scand J Work Environ Health 1994; 20: 349-363
• 42 Lopresti AL, Hood SD, Drummond PD. A review of lifestyle factors that contribute to important pathways associated with major depression: diet, sleep and exercise. Journal of affective disorders 2013; 148: 12-27
• 43 Wang J, Patten SB. Author Respons: Job strain and the risk of depression: is reporting biased?. Am J Epidemiol 2011; 174: 125-126
• 44 Toska M, Behrendt D, Erzberger M. Prevention of Mental Health as Part of a Holistic Health Management. Psychiat Prax 2015; 42 (Suppl. 01) S39-S43